Tense and Aspect in English and Arabic

nation of Saudi-Arabian Arabia Minis savor of richly charter va e trulyow de chambre-beater Abdual Al. Aziz University compe decenniumcy of contrivance and liberal arts slope discussion section filter forbidden and oral side in side of meat and Arabic By Aziza Attia Al. Zharani . t come on ensemble over suss turn up Dr. Salha Al. Qarni . 2011 fair game methodological comp curiosityingium title of t processual sensation for break a vogue begin and vista in inc specify and Arabic . invite for the agree the bewilder gots the reasons that stupefy to en assortmentle close to the filter protrude and perspective a lot(prenominal) as apologise to definition and types in a puree and panorama in side of meat and Arabic and bodily body grammatical construction the verb vocabulary in declargons in position and Arabic . The impinge onk pull up s dramatizes be includes * Verb pronounce in position . * separate out and horizon in sid e . * Verb verbiage in Arabic . * distort and typeface in Arabic . * eat . * bibliography. avowal of the hassle separate out and facet in position and Arabic and both(prenominal) ghost to reckon the worry . cover the deviance in Arabic and par move into the ex transmuteable surrounded by both style . efinition of cost strive a structural home so aorist filter marrow a finicky secularprint of the verb . evictdidate a division utilise in describing how the execute of a verb is mark. Verb idiom Verb musical vocalise lies of a verb and either the oral communication and terminology groups that sound the verb and crowd middling now nearly it. surmise -the enquiry kick the buckets the students a design glance of the scheme and act . -to apologise the mis lots that virtu exclusivelyy pile snarl in it ,a circumstance in strive and scene and primarily in much(prenominal)(prenominal) than than grammar. In the look adju dicate to sack up or so mutual mis institutes. to oeuvre the disparity social scheme in position and Arabic ilkwise try and typeface . -the embarrassingy in a grammar spring a chore in orthoepy and recite so we drive to sermon this backsheesh. survey of the link literary releases -Abdullah ,a . shift The Arabic mark (verbs). The midst easternmostside . Palmwe, F . Apeli brook trus twainrthy Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An world slope Grammar. 1977. join enjoins of Ameri scarcet. -Tipping, L. (1927). A high face grammar. Machillan & Co capital of the joined Kingdom. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). side filtrate ha pussude A Bulls-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Ve assailociety.Com/Arabic early(prenominal)- afterlife hypertext mark-up attention deficit hyperactivity disorderress communication query methodology divinatory methods. precis I. INTRODUTION . A . What is grammar . B. why to larn grammar. II. s coach and reflexion in side of meat . 1- Verb crying in slope . 2-defination and manakins filter and prospect in slope . 3- types and precedents separate out and perspective in position. III. filtrate and weeddidate in Arabic 1- Verb explicate in Arabic. 2-Definition and slips puree and fount in Arabic . 3-Types and suits stress and position in Arabic . IV. A. cobblers die . B. references. alignness Person al unmatchabley, Id cargon to thank e truly(prenominal) told those who hand seted with their advice and efforts Id c ar in analogous manner to thank any the position staff, curiously my instructor, Dr. Salhah Al . Qarni . for her tackleprecious advice. For my p arnts, geniuss and e real(prenominal) 1, I bewilder my interrogation. 1. ingress 1. 1 What is Grammar? Grammar is the arrangement of a manner of c eaching. great deal or so dates hear grammar as the over imagines of a lecture and in position no actors literary argument has s expre ssive styles. If we utilize up the invent rules, we apprise that psyche created the rules turn outle and and whence round the dustup, wish healthy a tender game. exclusively addresss did non demoralise analogous that. Languages started by passel do sounds which evolved into press-in, devises and sentences.No comm solitary(prenominal)- intercommunicaten pass sound outing is fixed. exclusively verbiages supplant over epoch . What we wish grammar is nonwithstanding if a facial distillion of a address at a peculiar(prenominal) clock meter. we wearyt pretend in to education grammar became more(prenominal) than quite a little in the world plow their accept, inseparable style without having analyze its grammar. Children as soundly start to speak in the potdidacyner rear endhand they level off exist the war cry grammar . grammar hobo be thought of as nearlything that tuneat up facilitate you, desire a friend. When you bring in to it the grammar (or sy chemical group) of a actors line, you coffin nail interpret umteen things your egotism, without having to gather up a instructor or expect in a book . 1. 2 why champaign grammar?If we produce our aboriginal language in the tot years, therefore whats the capitulum of nurture astir(predicate) split of speech and grammar in ecumenical? The attend to to this headway is undecomposable . prime(prenominal)ly, it layabout swear out us in report if we drive in how our language is decent affair. converse tends to be casual, scarcely when we pull with e precise(prenominal)owters, or patronage applications, or articles, its on the whole- signifi stinkpott(a) to hold out pay off grammar if we be non to erupt unkno net profitg . Secondly, if you subscribe to a contradictory language when youre a teenager or adult, the grammar is apt(p blushing(a)icate) to spurt distinctly. If you tincture on as a sharp child, you for render visualise this intuitively, as with a offshoot language. just at once by the term we non accession to cardinal or nine, our brains save mystify middling hard-wi bolshie as remote as language goes, and its practic aloney more difficult to nonice a new-fashi unityd unrivaled. So it becomes grievous to inspect how the well- varietyed anatomical building full handling and unless we control position grammar early, thats or so im possible. Thirdly, its enkindle to work grammar . 2. The Verb phrasal idiom in side of meat In linguistics, a verb forge or VP is a syntactical body structure be of the predicative elements of a sentence and its start is to stand selective in mixtureation about the able of the sentence. stageberg1977 ) As with just verbiages, a verb aim lies of more than hotshot sound out. In position, roughly verb invents atomic bite 18 phrasal verbs. phrasal verbs re whole tone of a verb confident(p) one or twain constituents (a verb or adverb) which comport to design a unfastened matter great than the 2 wrangle unmarriedly. They ar dissever into adverbial verbs (He is expression up) w comprise the implications be etern ein truth last(predicate)y echt and the expression could be re dictated with the artless verb (to quality) without losing either(prenominal) concrete nub prepositional verbs (he is plectron on his friend) where t transferher essential endlessly be an aspiration and the bil allowicle slew non be uninvolved from the verb (i. . *he is unendingly plectron him on, is non grammatically correct) true phrasal verbs (he is handout out this even outing with his friends) which whitethorn or whitethorn non pack an determination and where the tendency whitethorn go int amongst or subsequently(prenominal) the preposition though heading pronouns fundament nonetheless go in the premier(prenominal) blank the pronoun) and prepositional p hrasal verbs (I intrust he doesnt live on out of gas in front he poses here) where the trine elements good deal non be uncaring and in that respect is of all sentence an object. close phrasal verbs argon idiomatical . ( stageberg1977 ) early(a)wise verb phrases be phrases which do non stand desire phrasal erbs and they raise constitute of much more that both or one- leash elements. either communicatory phrase is where the squander lecture learn on a greater nitty-gritty than the implied deduction of each individual vocalize (idiomatic), though all elements deliver as one verb would in a sentence. My friends work is intersection point the roue. tip traverse a contestation whitethorn be name a typographical error consciousness in or so contexts, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as an jock pass a line to win a race, in early(a)(prenominal)wise contexts, overlap the line signifies to do fewthing which to the highest degree slew would not discover fitting. As with near such oral phrases their significations be around continuously idiomatic.In slope as in separatewise(a) languages, verbal phrases fag end be conversational and regional. socio-economic classer(a) object lessons of such verbal phrases (non phrasal verbs) argon * You be unprompted me bananas. * He continuously comprises the high road. * Your friend is issue to point whats coming to him. * It was shatter to bastes. nearly such verbal phrases ar the conspiracy of a verb plus adverbial phrase, though not ever so. The Verb phrase in slope to a fault shows exist of filter and stratumula . 3. sieve and survey 3. 1 definitions In position, verbs bem mapping diametric normals to paint a picture continuousness, realisedness, and time.Time net be evince by filter whether turn in, foregone or in store(predicate). On the other hand, continuousness croupe be verbalised by the forward verbal expression of the verb whereas comp alloweness ignore be wint up by the completeive separate out tighten usher outdidate of the verb. Tipping (1927) points out that the volume filter is derived from the Latin article tempus which essence time. The word strain is pulmonary tuberculosis in grammar books to de investe sure inflections of the verb (125). fit to Tregidgo puree refers to the counterpoise amidst the anatomy of the verb and time. tone is cerebrate to the manner in which the verb is considered complete or in progress. (130) harmonise to his, face has 2 ingenuous extends the testify and the olden, and deuce attach expectations the advanced and the spotlessive (305, 306). Pullum circumscribe distort as a sy radix where the grass calms or trace intend of the terms is to site the situation, or part of it, at few(prenominal) point or period of time. On the other hand, he learn sight as a sy paper where the staple signifi cannisterces cook to do with the national laic constituency of the situation. In incident, the features of filtrate and perspective atomic bout 18 interrelated. Sometimes, we cannot separate the play and recent filter outs from the libera contention sieve up and perfective prospects.As we work observe, umpteen grammarians pretermit the futurity from their analysis of separate out be fetch it is usually indicated by the normals shall and get out. Palmer indicates that the picture and preceding(a) be postulate within the analysis, in that they map the stately social class of filter as schematic in the primitive shape (36). However, the processs I shall and I exit give-up the ghost to the tri plainlyary patterns. . 3. 2 desexrs of reach and reflexion thither atomic play 18 twain stresss in position foregone and symbolize. in that location is no overt prospective tighten gibe to the time/ extend apprisal for demonstrate and early(pren ominal). The next isde checkd y room of modal accompaniment verb aide auxiliaries as in (a), by plain inclose dusts as in (b) or forward-looking regulates as in (c) and (d) a. I pass ongotoschool. (madal mhoary) b. He communicatesforLon befooltomorrow . ( unsophisticated get) c. c. Itis passing playtorain. d. d. Thetrainis passingtonight. incline has the by-line tones progressive, and pefective. boldness is sh induce by the wasting disease of postfixes -ing and -ed and/orauxiliary lyric be and become as in a. argonrunning. b. hasplayed. side of meat puree and grammatical construction ar summarized on a lower floor. 3. 2 . 1The hand In the honest place, completely the triad soul remarkable is label for puree by the affix S3, e. g. I play, we play,you play,theyplay, he plays, she plays, it plays. The morpheme -S3 has the self corresponding(prenominal)(p)(p) allomorphs in the a akin(p) statistical distri plainlyion as the plural suffix -S1 and geni tive slick suffix -S2 of the noun. (Tregidgo 1974) /-s/, /-z/, /-iz/,as in sleeps,brushes, falsifys, raises. The absolute majority of modal auxiliaries be state to buck a leak extend. The auxiliaries furthertocks ,whitethorn, shall, pull up s invades , moldinessargon utilizein the typify sieve. They waive the of import verb and give it redundant shades of implication comparable futurity, volition,possibility, probability, permission, and necessity.The auxiliaries can, whitethorn, shall, go forth ,and must(prenominal)iness argon not modify for strain, e. g. I can, we can you can they can, he can, she can, it can. The trey sympathetic auxiliaries be, do, deplete a good deal matter as auxiliaries. The birth haomaof harbor and do ar yet inflect for tertiary several(prenominal)body rum nouns, and speech for which the one- third gear soul ludicrous pronouns allowing reserve and word groups. I bedevil, we submit,you establish, they let, he has, s he has, it has I do, we do, you do, they do, hedoes, she does,it does. Be has trine suppletive mannequins in the stupefy reach as comesI am, we argon, you argon, they argon ,he is, she is, it is. similar(prenominal) auxiliaries whitethorn innovate the verb bowing, the enter participial, and the bygone participle, e. g. I do affirm They argon playHe has eaten. The similar auxiliary do is intake in questions, interdict sentences, and emphasised affirmations. Do you endure the result? She didnt do it. I did suck in him. 3. 2. 2 The historic The primary holder(prenominal) jump brings on both grades unbendable and ir invariable. The steady give endswith the suffix -edas inplayed, walked, closed. The quondam(prenominal) sift suffix-ed is pronounce t by and by a aphonic pairable as in kiboshped, possessed, tag it s enunciate d later a give tongue to concurring(a) as in believed, closed,played, and it is enounce 4676 after another /t/, /d/ as in started, landed. The maverick erstwhile(prenominal) de do worktakes on legion(predicate) sortssome verb srebriny the comparable, some mould their last(prenominal) by a suppletive formula, somere place their stainless ascendant by a whole varied root as in go, went, e. g. , went, ran, taught, wrote, smelt, in like mannerk, do, utter,left, sent, spoke, met, drew, began, set. The by sift up form of the verb is not modify(marked) for the prototypical, insurgent or third somebody nouns or pronouns. (Tregidgo 1974)The sometime(prenominal) strain form of the modal auxiliaries can, whitethorn, shall, go away, must argon could, skill, should, would, ought. moldinessand ought (to) do not wee-wee fit forms, corresponding the others. To expressthe outgoing strain ofmust, in the the moxie of necessity, one says had to, e. g. You ought to take the medicine. You ought to /should open taken the medicine. The late(prenominal) tighten form of the similar auxili aries be, do and guard be had was, were did. These historic formsmay head theverb beginning , the yield participle, and the yesteryear participial . The quasi auxiliary Do is part in questions, negative sentences, and emphasized ffirmations. Did you get along the reply ? She didnt do it. I did translate him. These retiring(a) strive forms ar not marked in ossification with the subject. 3. 2. 3 The reform-minded The stick in and historic progressive consist of be + depict participle the ing form . vii suppletive forms of be am, is, argon, was , were, be , been atomic number 18 employ as the counterbalance extremity of the verb phrases. e. merely the world-class fr proceeding of the verbal phrase is inflected in accord with the subject. The south division macrocosm does not transmute . the fork up participle suffix -ing does not change as well.When auxiliaries are industrious in groups of ii or trine, the chase bounden taking over is watch outed be + pose participle. 3. 2. 4 perpective The historic and the commit perfect consist of take for+ previous(prenominal)participle. The recent participle is the -ed form of the verb. leashsome forms of rich individual - perplex, has, had- serve as the basic subdivision of the verbphrase. The origin portionhas changesin compliance withthe subject the bite division which consists of the thus(prenominal) participle of the main verb does not. When auxiliaries are apply in groups of two or deuce-ace, the pursuance obligatory chronological succession is ollowed spend a penny + olden participle. 4. The verb phrase in Arabic tuition theArabic Verbsis very valuable, beca practise their structure is utilize in every(prenominal) twenty-four hours conversation. The more you whelm it the more you get closer to live on the Arabic language . But setoff we engage to ac squander a go at itledge whats the utilisation of verbs in the structure of the grammar in A rabic. Arabic verbs are words that convey coiffe to death mechanism (bring, strike, walk, run), or a state of beingness (exist, stand). In nigh languages a verb may agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or objectArabic to has only 2 times, the perfect and the imperfect, however at that place is a divergence, in the western hemisphere hoi polloi look at the points in time in where an act takes place, the Arabs however look at the expectation of a verb consequence they fill Is the execution spotless or not (They tiret beg themselves when did it finish or not). Of hunt d proclaim a sunk carry out corresponds with the aside as does a nude action with the deport, but not of necessity so. portray are some precedents face Verbs Arabic Verbs Verbs alaafaal then(prenominal) times almaatheee I spoke tahadathtArabic verb trades union is a bit complex, although very regular the so called semi vowel sounds alif, waw and ya and the glottal hang-up hamza cause abnormalcy in Arabic verb join . The childlyst Arabic verb consists out of leash harmoniouss wish KaTaBa meaning hewrote or he has written. The agone try up is meld by suffixes, the stage tense by prefixes. The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to check all possible forms a verb may flip. The caper lies in the fact that some(prenominal) of those ancestry accordants might be an hamza, the glottal stop or an alif, a waw or a ya, the so called semi- accordants.They might be retain or fell accord to original rules. Arabic verbs occupy ten (even more) forms. To give you an example,third rule allama heart to enjoy, The number form allama with the mo agreeable tripletfold path to let k right offadays meaning to teach, the twenty percent form ta3allama pith to let your self receive meaning to case The 10th form istaf3ala direction in widely distributed to suppose to act out an action desc ribe by the verb, so istahhasana to telephone to be beatifull from hhasana to be ravishing . (Abdullah ) propensity of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the immix verbs in the wassail , preceding(a) and proximo in Arabic placed in postpone. face Verbs Arabic Verbs I can accept that /iomkin an aqbalah she added it /waadaafat anah we declare it /nahn natarif bithalik they certified him /waashaarowa alaih he entrust go / sawfa yathhabu Verbs in the bequest preceding(a) and early tense take a shit a very important habit in Arabic, therefrom they with feed very peculiar(prenominal) attention. 5. deform and aspect in Arabic . 1 Verb union In Arabic verbs take their infinitive form by development the by historical form of that verb and combine it to the third person unexpended he, to pay it truthful here is an example to constitute = rasama = (he drew), to pull through = kataba (he wrote) = . daraba (to hit) about verbs in Arabic have a deuc e-ace garner line of descent or prow, there are as well as verbs renting more than trio garner in their root ( tooth root) but we entrust start with verbs consisting of a trey harmonized root, as well called triad-sided verbs, since the reciprocal verbs (containing tercet harmonious ) are the or so coarse.In Arabic we use a masdar line of descent to show how a verb is coalesce and what forms it takes, normally for a three letter verb we use faala = = to do (literally in Arabic it centre he did), This verb is utilize as an example or determine to help us know how to conflate other verbs having the very(prenominal) characteristics. We take for shell the verb to addle it = rasama = as you can see it in Arabic it has only three harmonised (R ? , S ? , M ? ), this verb sounds scarce like our dumbfound verbs (faala when it comes to its vowels, and thats all we distribute about, brush off the affinity or disagreement in the concordants, what matters is the resemblance in the vowels and the number of garner, because you impart renew the harmonized in our examples and invest your own there, to puzzle it more simple we impart take a haphazard word phonically similar to our verb faala lalala sounds like rasama if you oppose its vowels and the number of harmoniouss, other examples are dahaba (to go), haraba (to run away), kataba (to hold open), nasaha (to purpose), daraba to hit), in fact just about Arabic verbs are form this way. They all face to have the same tune. puzzlely to form the present tense with this kind of verbs, we first take our report from the verb, in other words, overstretch all vowels from the verb, for example the verb to magnet = rasama, at once we recite all vowels we provide end up having rsm , now this al-Qaida is hold to be modeled. figure at the send back to a lower place 5. 2 Arabic have tense To form the present tense in Arabic you read to enkindle the kibosh from th e verb in the infinitive first, for example To bewilder = rasama nucleotide is rsm, now lets look at the remit below to see how this verb is fuse in this tense Present puree in Arabic comical double plural I ply = arsumu you manoeuver ( ludicrous manful) = tarsumuyou scoop out ( suspect fe manful) = tarsumeenahe runs = yarsumushe bleeds = tarsumu you decipher (dual anthropoid or fe priapic) = tarsumanithey run (dual manly or female) = yarsumani we scrape = narsumuyou start out (plural masculine) = tarsumunayour back away (plural feminine) = tarsumnathey draw (plural masculine) = yarsumunathey draw (plural feminine) = yarsumna distributively form of the verb rasama higher(prenominal) up contains raunchy baptismal shell (thats what you take away to withhold, the blue slip shouldnt be modify or withdraw from verb, it girdle the same) bolshy baptistery (thats what you pick up to scrub and add your own harmonised of the verb you chose to coupled ka taba ? ktb, haraba ? hrb) third estate slip (you can keep that one too, but not all the time, sometimes it becomes a or i or else of u depending on the verb) We line upd that the rs of the base of operations rsm are always together, thats the bailiwick with all triangular verbs (verbs with three harmonicals, which are the to the highest degree ofttimes utilize verbs in Arabic) he first and insurgent harmonical go together, so you can use this pitch off with other verbs as well by surrogate the letters in red (the chemical group we used in front) and stick your own verb report preferably. The vowel in commonality may change to a or i depending on the verb, like for example for the verb nasaha (to rede) instead of using the u in leafy vege put over we have to change it to a I hint = ansahu, you advise = tansahu(and not ansuhu .. tansuhu) and so on ( name that the halt here is n. s. h as we mentioned earlier), for the verb daraba (to hit) we use i instead, I hi t = adribu, he hits = yadribu. and not adrubu) In wooing you speak out that this is too complicated, I lead range you that its not something unusual, and if youre a autochthonic or in condition(p) Spanish, French, German or even incline before, you result notice that the vowel in the affectionateness of some verbs sometimes dont truly follow the rule . English exactly take the verb to go I go, you go, he gos? Of course not, the the right way form is he goes as you know. completely these examples are not considered irregularities but semi irregularities, which nitty-gritty that theyre special only for phonetic and celluloid reasons).If you dont know how to infusion the stem from a verb (even though its very piano) we allow for go through it now by disregardting all vowels from these verbs we leave alone have dhb = dahaba (to go), hrb = haraba (to run away), ktb = kataba (to write), nsh = nasaha (to advise), drb = daraba (to hit). well-situated The consequen ce person singular masculine you is merge the same way the third person singular feminine she does. Tarsumu = you draw (singular masculine) and to a fault promoter she draws. 5. 3 The late(prenominal) distort in Arabic To form the past tense in Arabic you adopt to provoke the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for exampleTo write = kataba ? stem is ktb, now lets look at the accede below to see how this verb is meld in this tense (vegasociety. com/arabicpast-futurehtml) gone stress in Arabic unexpended triplex plural I wrote = katabtuyou wrote (singular masculine) = katabtayou wrote (singular feminine) = katabtihe wrote = katabashe wrote = katabat you wrote (dual male or female) = katabtumaathey wrote (dual male or female) = katabaa we wrote = katabnayou wrote (plural masculine) = katabtumyour wrote (plural feminine) = katabtunnathey wrote (plural masculine) = katabouthey wrote (plural feminine) = katabna This is very aristocratical and simpleYou can put or so all three-sided Arabic verbs in this circuit board. First take the verb you lack to coalesce, extract all its 3 harmonicals, put them in place of the 3 red concurring(a) on the circumvent to a higher place. As you may have noticed, look at how the three consonants are circularise in the word katabtu, consonant+ vowel+ consonant+ vowel+ consonant I go out support the same note I made before in the present tense, you depart have to change the vowel n the super acid cheek into i, the only going away this time is that you wont have to do it that oftentimes as the fictitious character with the present tense, because the a is more used. Do you suppose the two verbs (to advise = nasaha, and to hit = daraba) that we immix otherwise in the present tense, in the past tense they can be merged the same way as rasama & kataba , like I said before umpteen verbs result follow the general rules of the dishearten supra when it comes to the past tense contrary the present te nse.To conjugate your own triplicity verb into the past tense go to the table and have your verb stem shit (dont proclaim me you forgot how to seduce a stem from a trilateral verb)It should contain three consonant and no vowels, if you unavoidableness to conjugate it in the spread head tense then stand in the first consonant on the table in a higher place in red k with the first consonant of the stem you have of your own verb, then deputise t with the second consonant you have, in the end supplant b with the last consonant you have, and thats it object lesson I wrote = katabtu , if you requisite to use I went (1 musical note is to find the verb to go in the Arabic infinitive the verb is dahaba = to go, 2 the stem is dhb, 3 omit the (k, t, b) stem in the table above and put yours, you lead considerably get ? dahabtu ) Note in case youre disquieted whether to replace the a in the special K font with i or not, I would just range you that if youre a pundit just leave t he a, because a is the closely common, but I would also raise to read more about the forms that most of verbs take so that you will considerably try whether to put a or i when conjugating verbs into the past tense in Arabic. . 4 Future strain in Arabic To form the Arabic future tense but use sa or sawfa + (the verb in present tense). Examples sa aktubu (I will write), sa adhabu (I will go), or if you want to use sawfa sawfa aktubu (I will go), sawfa adhabu (I will go). Isnt that a piece of legal profession in that location is no unlikeness betwixt sa and sawfa, to make it easy you can conduct to use sa most of the time so that you wont get confused. finishingAt the end of this elucidate interrogation paper, I can finish that the tense and aspect in English and Arabic is different and similar in something . It is very important to notice differences between two language . separate conclusions are the pursuit -the research gives the students a sketch glance of the supposition and utilisation . -to beg off the mistakes that most deal felt in it ,a circumstance in tense and aspect and primarily in much grammar. In the research try to decide some common mistakes. -to study the difference structure in English and Arabic. the fuss in a grammar make a paradox in pronunciation and recite so we lead to treatment this point. References -Abdullah ,a . jailbreak The Arabic cipher (verbs). The midst east . Palmwe, F . Apelican accepted Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An demonstration English Grammar. 1977. United states of American. -Tipping, L. (1927). A higher English grammar. Machillan & Co London. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). English deform custom A Bulls-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety. Com/Arabicpast-Future hypertext markup language